Snippet of 25 Water Quality Constituents for SWMM 5

This is for students of SWMM 5 who want to quickly have many water quality constituents in their model.  You can copy and paste this snippet to your SWMM5.INP file and change the coverages sections to have 25 Pollutants with Buildup and Washoff Sections.  I hope this helps you in your water quality modeling.

[POLLUTANTS]
;;               Mass   Rain       GW         I&I       Decay     Snow Co-Pollut.       Co-Pollut. DWF
;;Name           Units Concen.   Concen.   Concen.   Coeff.     Only Name             Fraction   Concen.
;;-------------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----- ---------------- ---------- ----------
AmmonicalNitrogenNH3-N MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD) MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
CalciumHardness MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
ChemicaOxygenDemandCOD MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
ChorideasCL     MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
Colour           uG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
Conductivity     MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
DissolvedPhosporus mg/l   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
FecalColiform   UG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
FlavourThresholdTest uG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
MagnesiumHardness MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
Odor             uG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
Oil&Grease       MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
pH               MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
Sulfide         MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
TotalColiform   #/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
TotalDissolvedSolids MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
TotalHardness   MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
TotalNitrogen   mg/l   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
TotalPhosporus   MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
TotalSolids     MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS) MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0
Turbidity       MG/L   1         0         0         0         NO   *               0         0

[LANDUSES]
;;               Cleaning   Fraction   Last
;;Name           Interval   Available Cleaned
;;-------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Residential     1         0         0
Commercial       1         0         0
MixedUse         1         0         0

[COVERAGES]
;;Subcatchment   Land Use         Percent
;;-------------- ---------------- ----------
Thaltej         Residential     39.23
Thaltej         Commercial       3.23
Thaltej         MixedUse         9.35
Bodakdev         Residential     29.29
Bodakdev         Commercial       6.88
Bodakdev         MixedUse         5.67
Memnagar         Residential     53.77
Memnagar         Commercial       1.99
Memnagar         MixedUse         18.41
Vastrapur       Residential     49.85
Vastrapur       Commercial       5.51
Vastrapur       MixedUse         13.2
Prahladnagar     Residential     42.92
Prahladnagar     Commercial       4.96
Prahladnagar     MixedUse         15.7
Makarba         Residential     26.66
Makarba         Commercial       1.61
Makarba         MixedUse         8.7

[LOADINGS]
;;Subcatchment   Pollutant       Loading
;;-------------- ---------------- ----------

[BUILDUP]
;;LandUse       Pollutant       Function   Coeff1     Coeff2     Coeff3     Normalizer
;;-------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Residential     Colour           NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     Odor             NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     FlavourThresholdTest NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     Conductivity     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     TotalSolids     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     TotalDissolvedSolids NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS) NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     ChorideasCL     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     Oil&Grease       NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential                                                            
Residential     TotalHardness   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     CalciumHardness NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     MagnesiumHardness NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     Sulfide         NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     pH               NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     AmmonicalNitrogenNH3-N NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     ChemicaOxygenDemandCOD NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD) NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     TotalColiform   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     FecalColiform   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     TotalPhosporus   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     DissolvedPhosporus NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Residential     TotalNitrogen   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       Colour           NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       Odor             NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       FlavourThresholdTest NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       Conductivity     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       TotalSolids     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       TotalDissolvedSolids NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS) NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       ChorideasCL     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       Oil&Grease       NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial                                                              
Commercial       TotalHardness   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       CalciumHardness NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       MagnesiumHardness NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       Sulfide         NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       pH               NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       AmmonicalNitrogenNH3-N NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       ChemicaOxygenDemandCOD NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD) NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       TotalColiform   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       FecalColiform   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       TotalPhosporus   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       DissolvedPhosporus NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
Commercial       TotalNitrogen   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         Colour           NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         Odor             NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         FlavourThresholdTest NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         Conductivity     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         TotalSolids     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         TotalDissolvedSolids NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS) NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         ChorideasCL     NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         Oil&Grease       NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse                                                                
MixedUse         TotalHardness   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         CalciumHardness NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         MagnesiumHardness NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         Sulfide         NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         pH               NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         AmmonicalNitrogenNH3-N NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         ChemicaOxygenDemandCOD NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD) NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         TotalColiform   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         FecalColiform   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         TotalPhosporus   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         DissolvedPhosporus NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA
MixedUse         TotalNitrogen   NONE       0.15       0.5       0         AREA

[WASHOFF]
;;                                                             Cleaning   BMP
;;Land Use       Pollutant       Function   Coeff1     Coeff2     Effic.     Effic.
;;-------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Residential     Colour           EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     Odor             EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     FlavourThresholdTest EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     Conductivity     EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     TotalSolids     EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     TotalDissolvedSolids EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS) EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     ChorideasCL     EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     Oil&Grease       EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential                                                            
Residential     TotalHardness   EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     CalciumHardness EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     MagnesiumHardness EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     Sulfide         EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     pH               EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     AmmonicalNitrogenNH3-N EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     ChemicaOxygenDemandCOD EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD) EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     TotalColiform   EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     FecalColiform   EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     TotalPhosporus   EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     DissolvedPhosporus EMC       1         0         0         0
Residential     TotalNitrogen   EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       Colour           EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       Odor             EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       FlavourThresholdTest EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       Conductivity     EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       TotalSolids     EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       TotalDissolvedSolids EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS) EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       ChorideasCL     EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       Oil&Grease       EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial                                                              
Commercial       TotalHardness   EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       CalciumHardness EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       MagnesiumHardness EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       Sulfide         EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       pH               EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       AmmonicalNitrogenNH3-N EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       ChemicaOxygenDemandCOD EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD) EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       TotalColiform   EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       FecalColiform   EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       TotalPhosporus   EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       DissolvedPhosporus EMC       1         0         0         0
Commercial       TotalNitrogen   EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         Colour           EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         Odor             EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         FlavourThresholdTest EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         Conductivity     EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         TotalSolids     EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         TotalDissolvedSolids EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS) EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         ChorideasCL     EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         Oil&Grease       EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse                                                                
MixedUse         TotalHardness   EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         CalciumHardness EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         MagnesiumHardness EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         Sulfide         EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         pH               EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         AmmonicalNitrogenNH3-N EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         ChemicaOxygenDemandCOD EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD) EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         TotalColiform   EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         FecalColiform   EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         TotalPhosporus   EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         DissolvedPhosporus EMC       1         0         0         0
MixedUse         TotalNitrogen   EMC       1         0         0         0 

How InfoSewer and InfoSWMM are Extensions in Arc Map with Add On Extensions with Applications

How InfoSewer and InfoSWMM are Extensions in Arc Map with Add On Extensions with Applications

A Possible Arc Map Extensions
B Possible InfoSWMM Add On Extensions to the basic Arc Map Program
C Applications such as InfoSWMM 2D, RDII Analyst and Risk Assessment Manager that work alongside of InfoSWMM or InfoSewer

 

How InfoSewer and InfoSWMM are Extensions in Arc Map with Add On Extensions with Applications

Return Periods Using The SWMM 5 Statistics Tool

Return Periods Using The  SWMM 5 Statistics Tool

A great feature in SWMM 5 is the Statistics tool which allows you compute the long term statistics for 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 or 1000 years (and probably longer).  You run the simulation, pick a parameter to analyze then compute the:
A. Return Period of all of the Events,
B. Based on the Overall Time Series of Results, and
C. The Frequency Graph of the Found Events.

The Return Period is normally the Simulation Length + 1, For example, a 100 year simulation has a return period of 101 years.  Or in terms of the SWMM 5 Delphi Code

K := E^.Rank;
R := (Results.Duration + 1 - 2*Stats.PlotParameter)/(K - Stats.PlotParameter);

where the PlotParameter is normally zero so the value for R ends up being

R := (Results.Duration + 1 )/(K);

Return Periods in SWMM 5 Statistics

New Box Folder containing the SWMM 4 Fortran Files from 2004

The SWMM4 Fortran Connection to the EPA Water Quality Program WASP

The SWMM4 Fortran Connection to the EPA Water Quality Program WASP for future developers and those who want to connect SWMM5 to WASP

For @mmjay27 from @PCSWMM All models are wrong, so honest modellers report their uncertainty first and foremost

For @mmjay27 and @PCSWMM All models are wrong, so honest modellers report their uncertainty first and foremost http://t.co/RWOVgJSojK
— RDickinson (@RDickinson) January 25, 2014

Did you ever wonder how to Twitter efficiently? Use a twitter name and a keyword to find the tweets

Did you ever wonder how to Twitter efficiently? Use a twitter name and a keyword to find the tweets http://t.co/gb7Pbqo1l7
— RDickinson (@RDickinson) January 25, 2014

The Life-Cycle of a Single Water Drop, in a Pop-Up Book Animated in Stop-Motion

From Maria Popova

The Life-Cycle of a Single Water Drop, in a Pop-Up Book Animated in Stop-Motion

by Maria Popova

Nature’s rhythms in masterful paper engineering.

Given my soft spot for pop-up books, I was instantly taken with this collaboration between paper engineer extraordinaire Helen Friel (who brought us those amazing 3D paper sculptures of Euclid’s elements), photographerChris Turner, and animator Jess Deacon, visualizing the life-cycle of a single drop of water as a pop-up book animated in stop-motion, nearly a year in the making:

How to Diagnose a SWMLive Model using InfoSWMM

How to Diagnose a SWMLive Model using InfoSWMM http://t.co/ijMCU0SMdf from @Innovyze
— RDickinson (@RDickinson) January 19, 2014

Introduction to Running SWMMLive from @Innovyze

Introduction to Running SWMMLive from @Innovyze

A new product from Innovyze is SWMMLive which combines our InfoSWMM or H2OMap SWMM engine with the power and features of ICMLive and the ICM Interface.  This will be a continuation of my blogs on SWMMLive and for this blog we will discuss the basics of getting an InfoSWMM model to run in SWMMLive.   The 1^st step is to use the Add On extension in InfoSWMM and H2OMap SWMM from the tools menu (Figure 1).  This will start the SWMMLive Manager where you can export your InfoSWMM or H2OMap  SWMM model to SWMMlive (which is a different Innovyze product) and Diagnose the SWMMLive Model if needed (Figure 2).    Once you have exported the InfoSWMM model then you can import the model to SWMMLive as the network in the Live Group of your Master Group (Bullet 1 in Figure 3).   You run the model using the ICM like Run Manager but using the InfoSWMM engine (currently based on SWMM 5.0.022) as you can see in Bullet 2 of Figure 3.    You can run multiple scenarios in a run (Bullet 3 in Figure 3) along with many of the ICMLive features such as Ground Tin's,  Queries,  Spatial Databases and Selection lists (Bullet 4 in Figure 3).   Once you run the model you can use the ICM tools to select (Bullet 5),  Select (Bullet 6) and View the Graphs or Grid Views (Bullet 7).  In the next blogs we will show how to set up Alerts and Other More Advanced Features. 

Figure 1  SWMMLIve is an Add On Extension to H2OMap SWMM and InfoSWMM

Figure 2.   In InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM you export a file to SWMMLIVE using the SWMMLive Manager

Figure 3.  An Introduction to Running SWMMLive

How SWMM5 uses zero Subcatchment Slope in its Runoff Calculations

This is just a note on how SWMM5 uses zero Subcatchment Slope in its Runoff Calculations:

1. If the slope is zero then the engine will NOT calculate Runoff as the WCON parameter is zero (Bullet 4 in Figure 1)

2. If you do want Runoff from all of your Subcatchments then you need to check the slope value in your Hydrology by doing a data query (Bullet 2 in Figure 2)

3. If you want to use the zero slope as a facility manager in your models then you can use a zero slope and have no Runoff. it is a way to deactivate a portion or section of your model.

Figure 1.  How SWMM5 Uses Zero Subcatchment Slope

Graphical and Database Tools for Checking your InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM and SWMM 5 Models

If you are running a large InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM or SWMM 5 model is it often hard to see all of the details for the Runoff Hydrology at one glance.  A few quick checks on the overall balance sometimes help speed up the model greatly for new runs:

1. Check the Overall Runoff Balance (Bullet 1 in Figure 1)
2. Check the overall Hydraulic Balance (Bullet 2 in Figure 1)
3. Check the average time step (Bullet 3 in Figure 1). If the average time step is much less than the Maximum time step the Maximum time step should be reduced in the next run.
4. Do have pervious infiltration in every Subcatchment?  (Bullet 4 in Figure 1)
5. The Min, Mean and Max Infiltration Rate can be found with the DB Statistics Tool.
6. A Scatter Plot of Runoff Coefficient versus Infiltration for all the Subcatchments to show any outlying Subcatchments - this can show an improper setup for the Infiltration in InfoSWMM DB Table (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Mass Balance Items to Check in the InfoSWMM or H2OMap SWMM Output Run Manager

Figure 2.  A Scatter Plot of Runoff  Coefficient versus Infiltration can also Show Outlying Subcatchments

A few suggestions for InfoSWMM RAM if a DEM is Not Acceptable to Arc Map

A few  suggestions for InfoSWMM RAM if you get an Arc Map Error Message:

1.       The Elevation TIM or DEM you were using seemed problematic based on the Arc Map Error message (I searched the ESRI database and could not see any easy remedy)
2.      You can make a Contour from the Rim Elevations of your InfoSWMM model
3.      The contours will cover the outline of the nodes and junctions
4.      Convert the Contour to a DEM using the Arc Map Toolbox or the InfoSWMM Subcatchment Manger Convert Tools
5.      Use InfoSWMM Ram to create a flood map
6.      Use the Created DEM (Elevation1) and use the option Based on Maximum Head
7.      A Flood Map shape file will be created
8.     It will overlay the node and link layers of InfoSWMM
9.      The bullet points in this list correspond to the Bullet points in Figure 1

Figure 1:  Using InfoSWMM Risk Assessment Manager

How an Inflow Time Series is Used in ICM compared to SWMM5 using H2OMap SWMM and InfoSWMM

How an Inflow Time Series is Used in ICM compared to SWMM5 using H2OMap SWMM and InfoSWMM.  The main points are illustrated by blue bullet points in Figure 1.  ICM and SWMM 5 both use time series but in SWMM 5 one time series can be applied to multiple nodes.

1. Inflow Time Series Name uses a CSV file
2. The CSV file has time rows, flows for the number of nodes with inflow and column headers with the names of the nodes,
3. InfoSWMM, H2OMap SWMM and SWMM 5 have a user defined time series at loading nodes in the Inflow Icon,
4. A time series is used as the source of flow and the time series can be the same for multiple nodes.

Figure 1.  Inflow Time Series in ICM and SWMM5

How the 14 InfoSWMM 2D polygons work in Arc Map

@Innovyze How the 14 InfoSWMM 2D polygons work in Arc Map http://t.co/ZHgqYVmGYf
— RDickinson (@RDickinson) January 16, 2014

How to Create a Geodatabase in InfoWater, InfoSWMM or InfoSewer and InfoSWMM Data Sharing Ideas

How to Create a Geodatabase in InfoWater,  InfoSWMM or InfoSewer (Figure 1) and Ideas for Data Sharing for InfoSWMM or InfoSewer (Figure 2)

How to Create a Geodatabase in InfoWater,  InfoSWMM or InfoSewer

Data Sharing Ideas for InfoSWMM and InfoSewer

SCS Hydrology In InfoSWMM and H2OMap SWMM Initial Abstraction Values

If you are using one of the SCS Options in InfoSWMM and H2OMap SWMM (Bullet 1 in Figure 1) then you should:
1. The CN, Time of Concentration and an optional Initial Abstraction in the Subcatchment DB Table (Bullet 2)
2. If the Initial Abstraction is zero then the default SCS Storage Equation or S = 0.2 (1000/CN - 10)
3. The losses from the Subcatchment occur the start and during the simulation (Bullet 3) and the Runoff is delayed compared to the Rainfall.   
4. If you do not want to use S = 0.2 (1000/CN - 10) then a positive value based on alternatives such as S = 0.1 (1000/CN - 10) or S = 0.05 (1000/CN - 10)

Figure 1. SCS Hydrology In InfoSWMM and H2OMap SWMM

Dummy Outfall for Dynamic Wave Models converted from Kinematic Wave Models in SWMM 5

If you are using Kinematic Wave Routing in SWMM 5 you can switch to Dynamic Wave if you have any issues with a continuity error.  There is on potential issue, however, as you need to have an outfall in your dynamic wave model.  You can get around this issue by adding a dummy isolated outfall but it would be better to have an actual outfall.

Adding a Dummy Outfall in SWMM 5

Additional SWMM4 and SWMM5 files on Box

What is the Blog about?   It describes the background of some files uploaded to Box from the history of SWMM 4 and SWMM 5.  I have uploaded many more additional files to the Box site for SWMM 5 https://app.box.com/files  These files are the files we used to test SWMM 4 in the late 1980's and also that we imported into SWMM 5 for SWMM 5 Testing between 2003 and 2005.  There are over 500 files so some of them might be in the beta version of SWMM 5 but hopefully someone in the future can use these for their various projects or a future SWMM 6 or just to learn from small examples of SWMM 5 files.

Folder Names on Box

Box SWMM 5 Related Files

From 3QD - WATER RISK AS WORLD WARMS

WATER RISK AS WORLD WARMS

Quirin Schiermeier in Nature:

When pondering the best way to study the impact of climate change, researcher Hans Joachim Schellnhuber liked to recall an old Hindu fable. Six men, all blind but thirsty for know­ledge, examine an elephant. One fumbles the pachyderm’s sturdy side, while others grasp at its tusk, trunk, knee, ear or tail. In the end, all are completely misled as to the nature of the beast.

The analogy worked. Although many researchers had modelled various aspects of the global-warming elephant, there had been no comprehensive assessment of what warming will really mean for human societies and vital natural resources. But that changed last year when Schellnhuber, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, and other leading climate-impact researchers launched the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. This aims to produce a set of harmonized global-impact reports based on the same set of climate data, which will for the first time allow models to be directly compared. Last month it published its initial results in four reports in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences^1–4. These suggest that even modest climate change might drastically affect the living conditions of billions of people, whether through water scarcity, crop shortages or extremes of weather. The group warns that water is the biggest worry. If the world warms by just 2 °C above the present level, which now seems all but unavoidable by 2100, up to one-fifth of the global population could suffer severe shortages.

More here.
- See more at: http://www.3quarksdaily.com/#sthash.OdCTZwaq.dpuf

RDII Components at a node for a 100 year simulation in SWMM 5

Introduction:  This set of blogs uses the 1000 year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model that you can download at http://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/1000-year-simulation-with-rainfall-in-swmm-5 to show the inner workings of SWMM 5 and by extension InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM using a QA/QC version of SWMM 5 with extended graphics.   I always hope that seeing the inner workings of a SWMM 5 feature helps to understand the code, sensitivity and importance of a parameter.   It also helps show sometimes when a parameter is not important.   In this example, we show some of the internal working of the RDII estimation for SWMM5. 

Discussion:  There are nine main parameters for estimating RDII in SWMM 5:

1.       Slow response or R1, T1 and K1
2.      Medium response  R2, T2 and K2
3.      Fast Response or R3, T3 and K3
4.      The RDII flow is associated with a Node in SWMM 5 (Figure 1)
5.      The RDII flow is composed of three separate time series generated from the slow, medium and fast R,  T and K values (Figure 2)
6.      If you look at the total number of RDII events for the 100 years, the number of events goes down based on the value of the Time Base of the UH or T*K (also Figure 2) 

Figure 1.   RDII at a node for a 100 year simulation in SWMM 5

  

Figure 2.   RDII Component Events over the 100 year period using the SWMM 5 statistics block

My Twiiter Video as Of 2013/2014

Hey @boonsri, @Innovyze, @ArenMatta, you were my golden followers in #2013! See the video: https://t.co/7wyJMN14Ok #Vizify
— RDickinson (@RDickinson) January 1, 2014

@Innovze has RDII Flow at the Subcatchment Level in ICM and IWCS and at the node level in InfoSWMM and H2OMap SWMM.

@Innovze has RDII Flow at the Subcatchment Level in ICM and IWCS and at the node level in InfoSWMM and H2OMap SWMM.

Lateral Inflow In InfoSWMM and SWMM5 consists of Runoff, DWF, Inflow and RDII Flow pic.twitter.com/QHqwo6Fs2K
— RDickinson (@RDickinson) January 1, 2014

The total losses include both evaporation and infiltration for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation

Introduction:  This set of blogs uses the 1000 year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model that you can download at http://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/1000-year-simulation-with-rainfall-in-swmm-5 to show the inner workings of SWMM 5 and by extension InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM using a QA/QC version of SWMM 5 with extended graphics.   I always hope that seeing the inner workings of a SWMM 5 feature helps to understand the code, sensitivity and importance of a parameter.   It also helps show sometimes when a parameter is not important.   In this example, the components of the total losses in SWMM 5 which are the infiltration from the pervious area and the evaporation from the impervious and pervious area are shown (Figure 1)

Discussion:  The total losses (Figure 1) are:

1.       The infiltration only losses from the pervious area,
2.      Evaporation losses from the pervious and impervious area weighted by areal coverage
3.      The total losses which are the sum of the evaporation plus infiltration losses

a.      In a continuous simulation the times of infiltration only loss is less than the total losses due to the times when evaporation only is occurring from the depression storage of the Subcatchment

b.       The Statistics assume an inter-event time of 0 hours to capture all of the one hour saved time increments

Figure 1.   The total losses include both evaporation and infiltration for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation

Green Ampt Infiltration for the Storage Nodes of SWMM 5

Introduction:  This set of blogs uses the 1000 year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model that you can download at http://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/1000-year-simulation-with-rainfall-in-swmm-5 to show the inner workings of SWMM 5 and by extension InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM using a QA/QC version of SWMM 5 with extended graphics.   I always hope that seeing the inner workings of a SWMM 5 feature helps to understand the code, sensitivity and importance of a parameter.   It also helps show sometimes when a parameter is not important.   Continuing with the recent blogs on Green Ampt Infiltration, you can also simulate the infiltration and evaporation from a Storage node in SWMM 5

Discussion:  The infiltration and evaporation can be simulated in SWMM 5 using Green Ampt Infiltration:

1.       The three Green Ampt parameters are entered in the Storage Node Dialog
2.      The statistics for the whole run are shown in the Storage Node Summary Table for Volume, Percent Full and Percent Loss
3.      The Node Storage Graph for Infiltration varies with the time and the depth of the storage nodes along with the side area (based on the average depth over a time step) and the bottom area of the node.   In figure 2, Area0 is the bottom area and Area1 is the side area.

Figure 1.   Green Ampt Infiltration for the Storage Nodes of SWMM 5 for a 100 year Simulation

Figure 2.  The bottom and side area of a storage pond (Functional)

The Internal Green Ampt Parameters, Soil Moisture and IMD for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation for Green Ampt Infiltration

Introduction:  This set of blogs uses the 1000 year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model that you can download at http://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/1000-year-simulation-with-rainfall-in-swmm-5 to show the inner workings of SWMM 5 and by extension InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM using a QA/QC version of SWMM 5 with extended graphics.   I always hope that seeing the inner workings of a SWMM 5 feature helps to understand the code, sensitivity and importance of a parameter.   It also helps show sometimes when a parameter is not important.   In this example, we show some of the internal working of the Green Ampt Infiltration Parameters over the 100 year period. 

Discussion:  Key internal parameters for Green Ampt infiltration are

FUMax is the Saturated Moisture Content of the Upper Zone (internal units of feet)

F or FTOT in the graph is the Cumulative event infiltration at start of time interval (internal units of feet)

FU is the current moisture content of upper zone (internal units of feet)

As shown in Figure 1,  IMD and Soil Moisture are related.  When the soil moisture is zero then the IMD is equal to the maximum values of IMD or IMDMax.

These three parameters are used to calculate the IMD during the simulation among other important uses

IMD =  [ Maximum Allowable Infiltration – Current Moisture Content of the Upper Zone ] / Depth of the Upper Soil Layer

Or  IMD = [ FUMax – FU ] / Depth of the Upper Soil Layer

Soil Moisture = IMDMax - IMD 

Figure 1.   The Internal Green Ampt Parameters, Soil Moisture and IMD for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation for Green Ampt Infiltration

The Internal Green Ampt Parameters, FUMax, FU and FTOT or F for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation for Green Ampt Infiltration

Introduction:  This set of blogs uses the 1000 year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model that you can download at http://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/1000-year-simulation-with-rainfall-in-swmm-5 to show the inner workings of SWMM 5 and by extension InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM using a QA/QC version of SWMM 5 with extended graphics.   I always hope that seeing the inner workings of a SWMM 5 feature helps to understand the code, sensitivity and importance of a parameter.   It also helps show sometimes when a parameter is not important.   In this example, we show some of the internal working of the Green Ampt Infiltration Parameters over the 100 year period. 

Discussion:  Key internal parameters for Green Ampt infiltration are

FUMax is the Saturated Moisture Content of the Upper Zone (internal units of feet)

F or FTOT in the graph is the Cumulative event infiltration at start of time interval (internal units of feet)

FU is the current moisture content of upper zone (internal units of feet)

As shown in Figure 1, FUMax is constant during the simulation, whereas F and FU vary during the Simulation.  These three parameters are used to calculate the IMD during the simulation among other important uses

IMD =  [ Maximum Allowable Infiltration – Current Moisture Content of the Upper Zone ] / Depth of the Upper Soil Layer

Or    IMD = [ FUMax – FU ] / Depth of the Upper Soil Layer

FUMax =  Depth of the Upper Soil Layer * IMDMax

Figure 1. The Internal Green Ampt Parameters, FUMax, FU and FTOT or

F for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation for Green Ampt Infiltration

Initial Moisture Deficit or IMD for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation for Green Ampt Infiltration

Introduction:  This set of blogs uses the 1000 year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model that you can download at http://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/1000-year-simulation-with-rainfall-in-swmm-5 to show the inner workings of SWMM 5 and by extension InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM using a QA/QC version of SWMM 5 with extended graphics.   I always hope that seeing the inner workings of a SWMM 5 feature helps to understand the code, sensitivity and importance of a parameter.   It also helps show sometimes when a parameter is not important.   In this example, we show some of the internal working of the Green Ampt Infiltration Parameters over the 100 year period.  The IMD is normally near the initial user defined value but it can go to zero during the course of the simulation (Figure 1)

Discussion:  A key internal and user defined parameter is the Green Ampt Infiltration parameter Initial Moisture Deficit.  It starts out at the user Initial Deficit and then is computed at each hydrology time step using the equation

IMD =  [ Maximum Allowable Infiltration – Current Moisture Content of the Upper Zone ] / Depth of the Upper Soil Layer

Figure 1.   Initial Moisture Deficit or IMD for a 100 Year SWMM 5 Simulation for Green Ampt Infiltration

Water-main breaks just come with the territory - PWD

The site of Monday's huge water main break at Frankford and Torresdale Avenues is quiet December 27, 2013. Workers are to begin putting in shoring and excavating down 20 feet to the site of the break. They hadn't started as of 3pm Friday. ( TOM GRALISH / Staff Photographer )

Read more at http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20131228_Water-main_breaks_just_come_with_the_territory.html#OEJ4scgo5A7ttQr4.99
wd

Rainfall and Losses One Watershed for a 100 Year Simulation with SWMM 5 Statistics at a saved time step of one hour.

Introduction:  This set of blogs uses the 1000 year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model that you can download at http://swmm2000.com/forum/topics/1000-year-simulation-with-rainfall-in-swmm-5 to show the inner workings of SWMM 5 and by extension InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM using a QA/QC version of SWMM 5 with extended graphics.   I always hope that seeing the inner workings of a SWMM 5 feature helps to understand the code, sensitivity and importance of a parameter.   It also helps show sometimes when a parameter is not important.   In this example, we show how the statistics change when you change the reporting time step.  You can only see what you report, if you only save every hour or 15 minutes then you may miss some important model results.

Discussion:  In this blog we look at the Rainfall and Pervious Losses for the 100 year period:

Generally, it is better to have finer time steps for rainfall and for reporting.    As you can see in Figure 1 we only get pervious runoff when the rainfall is greater than the infiltration rate which explains the findings of this blog http://www.swmm5.net/2013/12/runoff-from-one-watershed-for-100-year.html  in which the pervious flow is small an infrequent.  The pervious area runoff is a function not only of the pervious infiltration parameters but the rainfall time interval. 

Embark on a hydrological odyssey spanning a millennium with this series of blogs, anchored by the extensive 1000-year rainfall/runoff/hydraulics model available at SWMM2000. Utilizing a specialized QA/QC version of SWMM 5 that boasts enhanced graphics, these insights aim to illuminate the intricate mechanics of SWMM 5, as well as its counterparts InfoSWMM and H2oMap SWMM. 🌧️🔄🛠️

The quest for understanding isn't just academic; it's a practical exploration into how pivotal parameters influence the model's behavior, highlighting their significance or, occasionally, their redundancy. 📊🧐

Key Insight: The essence of this narrative lies in the influence of reporting time steps on statistical output. The granularity of data — whether recorded every hour or every quarter of an hour — can dramatically shape the story your model tells. Miss a beat, and you could miss a flood. ⏱️💧

Focal Point: This particular chapter delves into the interplay between rainfall and pervious surface losses over a century-long saga. The model suggests a critical truth: the finer the temporal resolution of rainfall and reporting, the sharper the picture of runoff. As demonstrated in Figure 1 and supported by SWMM5.net, pervious runoff is a rare and minimal occurrence, emerging only when rainfall intensity surpasses the rate of infiltration. This revelation underscores the delicate dance between rainfall intervals and pervious surface parameters. 🌳💦📈

Stay tuned to this blog series for more revelations from the vast timescales of hydrological phenomena, where every parameter tells a tale, and every setting shapes the flow of urban water wisdom. 🚀🌍💡

Figure 1.   Rainfall and Losses One Watershed for a 100 Year Simulation with SWMM 5 Statistics at a saved time step of one hour.